Nsf Fellowship Example of Funded Proposal
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چکیده
Introduction: Plant galls are insect-induced tumor-like growths of plant tissue which nourish and protect developing gall former larvae (1). Gall inducers are typically host specific (2). The morphology of galls produced is unique to each gall former species and reflects the expression of both insect and host plant genomes (3). For each species of gall inducer, gall size at maturity varies widely both within and among individual plants (4-6). Weis and Abrahamson (3) have shown that this phenotypic variation results, in part, from additive genetic variance for gall size in both insect and plant. Given the genetic basis of size variation, gall size in natural populations may evolve in response to natural selection. Gall former larvae are subject to a diversity of natural enemies (primarily parasitoid wasps), and numerous studies have demonstrated a positive relationship between gall former success (probability of emergence from the gall) and increasing gall size (4, 6, 7). This relationship suggests that parasitoids are a major selective force in the evolution of gall size and in fact increasing gall size has been interpreted as an adaptation to facilitate parasitoid avoidance (i.e., larvae inside large galls can not be reached by parasitoid ovipositors) (6-8). This view assumes parasitoids attack only after gall growth is complete. If however, parasitoids attack (kill) gall-former larvae during the gall growth phase and limit further growth, then the relationship between gall-former success and gall size becomes complex, and the interpretation of increasing gall size as solely an adaptation to thwart parasitism is confounded.
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Nsf Fellowship Example of Funded Proposal
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